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 How-Tos:

Five Musts for Promoting Youth Participation

Martinelli says that there is no one recipe when it comes to getting young people involved in their community. But, her organization, Aracati, works with five must-have components that cut across all their projects to help youth become agents of social change:

Inform youth on the how-tos of civic participation and social issues
Many times, young people (like adults) don't participate in improving their towns, their schools, or their communities because they don't know how. They lack basic information about the processes and spaces for social participation or how to raise their voice if no space exists. Aracati provides youth groups and communities residents with information: from how to interact with local government to where to find out about recycling programs.

Build skills and provide tools to help youth be successful in their endeavors
Besides information, young people are at a key moment of their development where learning new abilities and skills are important, not only for implementing their projects but also for their own development. Aracati create tools that help young people identify an objective and go after it. One method uses game-like puzzles that lead youth groups through the process of developing a project step-by-step. Another method creates a fund for investing in youth-led projects in a way that teaches money management and transparency. Whether working in schools, or community groups promoting youth participation, "to transform ideas into actions, you need an instrument," says Aracati director Antonio Lino.

Work in groups
The most effective way to prepare young people to participate in their communities is through group action. People can contribute to their communities in individual ways, like separating their trash at home. However, the group environment awakens new opportunities for personal development. "In a group," Martinelli explains, "you absorb the energy of the others, which helps you stay on track. You also have to deal with problem-solving, leadership roles, group identity, and cultural differences. This makes you grow." Group settings help young people develop important life skills that they will use in relationships with their families, school, groups of friends, etc.

Make social change a collective action
People take a stand when they identify with a cause. For example, when they see others get upset about the same problem, they may get excited because they know that others are working on the same issue with the same goal. "Participation is not easy. It can be tiring," Martinelli said. To keep young people engaged in their community projects, Aracati works simultaneously with multiple groups and actors that are all united by working on the same issue. To reinforce this collective action, Aracati holds joint events, starts-up newspapers, and launches Web sites, to create spaces for the groups of young changemakers to share their successes and challenges, and make them feel that they are not alone. "It's like continually recharging your batteries," Martinelli said.

Promote democratic values
Common to all Aracati's activities is promoting key values that make participative democracy work. These include solidarity, respect, tolerance and youth protagonism. "Each one can follow their own path, but it is fundamental that all go in the same direction," notes Aracati's Web site. These values orient youth in their initiatives and serve as a guide for their decisions and attitudes. In each of Aracati's projects, young people create a "Values Manifesto" that challenges youth to not only endorse democratic values but to practice them in the their lives.


How to Create & Manage a Social Project

Aracati provides young people with the tools to be effective changemakers. Whether working with high school students in the city of Santos or youth involved in citizen organizations of Sao Paulo, Aracati gives youth tools to develop and implement their project. The actual format depends on the context of the youth groups and typically follows a puzzle-game premise, but all follow some basic steps:

  1. The first step in starting a social project is to find people that have the same ideals as you. Working with this group of people provides the first incentive for not giving up, and the energy needed for your project to take off.

  2. Discover what bothers you in your daily life. What do you think should be changed in order to have a more just society that guarantees a better quality of life for all? Doing this will allow you to discover the cause or area that you want to work with, e.g., health, environment, culture or peace.

  3. Define a problem in society that all members of your group would like to change. What are its causes? What are its consequences? Identify these so that your group can really transform it.

  4. Define an objective for your project, identifying who will benefit and who will be involved in the project in addition to your group. Also, define the results your group would like to achieve and what you will need to do in order to organize and write-up a project.

  5. Make a list of all the activities that will be necessary for your group to arrive at its objective. Make another list of the resources you all will need, including human, material and financial resources.

  6. Upon finishing your project plan, take another look at everything to be certain that this is really what your group wants to do. If there is nothing else to change, your unified group can go ahead and get to work!

  7. During the implementation of activities, always stop to evaluate each step to make sure that the activities are achieving the expected results. If necessary, make adjustments to the initial plan. It is common to make changes and refine a project during its execution.

(See the "Wilson" puzzle-tool for mounting a social project step-by-step, below.)

               Building a Strong Citizenry:
Making Young People the Key

By Claire Fallender

"Brazil's citizens are out of shape," says social entrepreneur Luciana Martinelli. Brazil is bogged down by poverty, unemployment, and inequality, and few of its 180 million citizens know how – or what – they can do to make a change.

Development of an active citizenry has been stunted by a history of political and social repression. "It's like having your arm in a cast," Martinelli added. "When the cast comes off, the muscles are atrophied from lack of movement. You have to exercise the muscles to get them moving again."

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Luciana Martinelli speaking Luciana Martinelli talks about citizen participation and young people with participants in Aracati's programs

That's why Martinelli cofounded Aracati: Agency for Social Mobilization to encourage Brazil's citizens – especially its youngest members – to claim their right to be actively engaged in shaping Brazil's future. By educating young people about how to design and implement social change projects in their schools and communities, Aracati gives them their first opportunity to help solve their nation's problems.


Getting Citizens into Shape

Although a clause in Brazil's Constitution says that "all power emanates from the people" and citizens are required by law to vote, a recent survey by a leading national think tank found that 56 percent of Brazilians believe they have no say in the direction of their country and do not even know how to voice their opinions publicly. 1 Even more alarming: nearly 55 percent of Latin Americans surveyed in a comprehensive UNDP report on Democracy in the Americas say that they would opt for a return to dictatorship if it solved the economic problems of their country. 2

Brazil's economic problems are many. Thirty-two percent of the population lives below the poverty line and earns an average of US$40 per month. Nearly 25 million people live in extreme poverty, lacking the means to provide for their basic needs like health, food, and housing. 3

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colonia 25 million Brazilians live in extreme poverty

Brazil's problem is not a lack of resources but the fact that its wealth is concentrated in the hands of a small elite. The top 10 percent of the population controls 46.7 percent of the country's GNP while the bottom 10 percent only 0.5 percent 4 – making Brazil one of the 10 most unequal countries in the world.

Brazil's history of systematically excluding people from political processes has made it a nation of a few haves and many have-nots. A series of colonial, populist, and authoritarian regimes perpetuated a repressive political culture in which exchanging favors and granting special privileges outweighed the respect for universal rights.

When Brazil's 20-year dictatorship came to an end in 1985, the country embarked on democracy without much experience and without a culture of democratic values.

"Social participation is the key to a healthy democracy," Martinelli said. "It means voicing one's opinions and taking part in decision-making processes, whether acting within a neighborhood association or lobbying the government for policy changes."


Putting Young People in the Driver's Seat

It is not political repression or even apathy that inhibits citizens from getting involved in solving their community's problems, she said – it is that they simply don't know how. For Aracati, the how of civic participation is the important part, even more than the what.

This can mean starting a community recycling program or it can be as simple as separating one's trash at home. In both cases, one needs a jump-start to get going. So Aracati gets people – particularly young people – moving and experiencing what it's like to make changes in their communities.

Aracati focuses its energy on youth. "This is not because it is nice that youth participate or cute that they do so. It is strategic," Martinelli said.

"Getting Brazilians to participate does not happen with a new law, it requires a change of attitude, a change in culture."

Youth are key actors in two respects. First, they are more willing to participate: a national study shows that young people, more than adults, will participate in forums and councils that can improve the social and economic conditions of their communities. 5

Second, young people are a bridge to the next generation. "With young people, you get more bang for your buck," Martinelli said. "Learning how to be proactive citizens now carries over into their families today, and the families they will have tomorrow."


Let the Games Begin

Nevertheless, youth in Brazil are typically associated with society's problems. The media portray them either as the instigators of crime and violence or, at best, as a statistic: a segment of society that lacks the education and employment opportunities needed to make a contribution. But Martinelli sees young people as the solution rather than as the problem.

To prove this, Aracati created Gincana da Cidadania or "Citizenship Relay Games." Rather than asking students to join in sack races and egg tosses, Aracati went to 23 public and private high schools in the city of Santos and challenged 300 students there to develop and implement their own social change projects.

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Citizen Relay Game participants Young people from public and private schools participate in Citizenship Relay Games to improve their communities

"We wanted to increase young peoples' ability to create solutions to the problems of their communities, while leaving a seed for youth-led social change in their schools," said Carla Cabrera Duarte, cofounder of Aracati and coordinator of the project.

Aracati's team of trained facilitators spent two years getting 23 youth groups involved in social change by doing it, most of them for the first time. During this time, Aracati also held workshops with school principals and teachers to help them incorporate innovative tools for citizenship development in the school setting.

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Training teachers Aracati trains school educators on how to support youth-led change and citizenship building in their schools

"I had done volunteering as a boy scout since the age of seven, but I never knew why," remembers João Felipe Scarpelini. He went to
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João Felipe Scarpelini João Felipe Scarpelini
the first group meeting for the Gincana at age 16 to check it out. Helped by one of Aracati's trained facilitators, Scarpelini and 30 other youth from his school soon found an answer.

"We carried out an analysis of problems in the city that had bothered us and that we wanted to change," Scarlelini said. "When we realized that all of these had one thing in common, namely that youth were not being heard, we decided to set up a project to promote youth leadership in social change."

Together, the group organized community action days to get encourage young people to volunteer. They wrote a theater piece about how young people can help others in their communities and then performed it in schools across the city.


More than Just a Game: Creating Citizens

At each step in the process, the group received jigsaw-like puzzle pieces that challenged them to identify a social problem they wanted to change, define a goal, plan their actions, and evaluate the results. "The Gincana showed us not only how to launch an idea but really how to do it, step-by-step," Scarpelini said.

The puzzle was dubbed "Wilson" for being, in the words of a participant, "like an imaginary friend who supported and guided us" – as did Tom Hank's imaginary and supportive volleyball "friend" in the movie Cast Away. Aracati's team augmented Wilson with informational booklets adapted to a young audience on the themes of peace, the environment, and health. They provide basic information, sources, and contacts for young people to delve deeper into these themes on their own.

 

Wilson
The "Wilson" puzzle pieces

 





How Educators can Facilitate Youth Participation

Aracati works with educators who facilitate youth groups throughout the process of designing and implementing their social projects. Whether you are a trained teacher or just getting started, the following are tips for how to help young changemakers on the road to social participation:

Be an educator
Seek out information and find dynamic ways to present it to youth. Show them how to do the same. Help them learn how to learn, and learn how seek information themselves.

Be available and willing
Don't do all the talking. Be available and willing to listen to young people. "It's not just about hearing young people," Martinelli said. "You have to be open to actively listening to what they are saying. If you stop to actually listen, you will see that many of them are screaming to be heard."

Create an atmosphere of exchange
Learn together with youth. Create an atmosphere of exchange – not one where one person talks and the other obeys. Create a space for young people to show you what they know, e.g., a poem, a dance or a specific skill. Let them educate you.

Be humble
When you don't know the answer, say so. Gincana da Cidadania facilitator, Juliana Pierotti says, "to the millions of questions a young person might ask, be humble enough to say 'I don't know the answer.' Find out the answer and bring it to the next meeting." Just because you are the adult doesn't mean you have to have all the answers.

Respect different backgrounds
"Know how to respect and learn from a young person's life history and background with caring and attention," says Pierotti. Respect and acknowledge the fact that each one has an acquired knowledge from a host of diverse life situations. Diplomas and certificates are not the only measure of learning.

Facilitate, don't do
During the process of helping young people become changemakers, the role of the facilitator is to help young peoepl grow and develop key skills for them to act more effectively in their communities, among their peers, and in other sectors of society. Part of this process is helping the group become more autonomous. The trick is to not overstep your bounds and let youth be the real protagonists of this process. Jo?o Felipe Scarpelini, youth participant in the Gincana da Cidadania recalls: "Juliana never did anything for us. Even when we were doing things wrong, she would let us. But then she would help us learn from our mistakes."

Admire youth
"It is not enough to like youth. A good educator admires them", Martinelli says. Recognize the challenges young people face both internally and externally in participating in community action. Young changemakers are up against a lot of barriers. Often, they can be ostracized by their peers for breaking out of the mould, they are not taken seriously by adults or they must overcome socio-economic barriers in order to participate. "Many times, their own family will pressure young people to go work instead of finishing their studies, let alone get involved in community action," Martinelli said.


How the Media can Promote Youth Participation

Show youth as the solution
Stop covering pieces on youth only as the problem. Newspapers are filled with pieces on "minors" who loiter, rob, steal, and kill. There are many more young people doing just the opposite. Find them and let others see that young people are a positive force in the community.

Establish regular contact and ties with youth
Create a network of youth "sources" on different issues. Go to them and see what young people's daily lives entail. Human contact is important. Establish horizontal relationships with them. They are people, not subjects of a research study.

Create a spaces for youths' voices in your medium
Let youth not only have a voice but a space to speak-up. Create a youth-written column in your newspaper or a regular spot with young people on your radio or TV show.

See your medium as a learning tool for youth
A newspaper, radio program or TV show can be a teaching tool – not just a place to advertise to the "market" of young consumers. Make your medium a source for information that will help them learn.

Establish a young critics' circle
Set up a youth reading circle or critics' circle to keep up-to-day with what is interesting for youth. Listen to their feedback about how youth are being portrayed in your medium and make changes.


How to Create a Social Mobilization Plan for Your Comunity

To Aracati, social mobilization is not just about marches and protests. It is a learning process that involves empowering local actors to participate in achieving a common vision of the future. As an "Agency for Social Mobilization," Aracati not only promotes direct activities in cities like Santos and Sao Paulo, they also work with towns in other regions of Brazil to help them create their own plans for social mobilization.

Mobilize diverse groups around a common vision
At the heart of Aracati's social mobilization process is formulating a common vision to unite and mobilize diverse groups. This vision, based on the concept of "inviting imagery" of Colombian intellectual Bernardo Toro, can be a far off dream for the future. But, as Lino says, "despite the distance, it motivates people and gives meaning to their participation in the movement."

Give actors something to take hold of
Besides having a common vision of the future, it is important to establish an idea among your community or town that everyone can get behind and take hold of. This Aracati calls a "Forceful Idea" based on a concept by Rose Marie Inojosa. It is the cause; the flag to be waved; the thing that glues the other actions together.

Create action steps to mobilize people
It is important to keep people mobilized. In order to do this, create short term actions like setting up a network, conferences, or campaigns to keep the momentum going.

Take inventory and be inclusive
Social mobilization means expanding and integrating mobilizing actions that are already happening in your community in a systematic way. Before starting any social mobilization process, find out who's who and who's doing what. Take inventory of the social forces already at work and invite them to be a part of the conversation.

Align your concepts
When you bring groups and actors together to discuss improving your town or city, start by making sure that everyone is talking the same language. What do we mean by "development"? What do we mean by "sustainable"? Choose key concepts for the group to define together.


How to Involve Youth in Local Development Processes

Aracati also works with communities to include youth in their local development processes. Here are some tips for how communities can make community development more youth-friendly:

Make concrete actions
To engage youth in local development processes, orient local development plans towards concrete actions. Young people want to see advances even during the planning process. Why not create visits to public works during the diagnosis phase, carry-out meetings with public authorities, or hold launch events for announcing the plan? Make it obvious that the process is moving forward.

Make actions resonate with their daily lives
Start with things close to home. In one rural county, Aracati helped the local team carry-out a mobilization process that started with participants literally mapping their dreams for improving their own back yards: being able to drink from the tap, a gas station on the corner . . . By converging these dreams, the local team formulated a local plan of action that represented the dreams of young people who joined and stayed in the planning process. "Starting from what is in your daily life is more stimulating for youth and promotes their involvement," says Aracati director Antonio Lino.

Use culture as an instrument of inclusion
"Social participation has a certain weight to it," Lino notes. "Many people don't go to town meetings or participate in the development of their community because it boring. You need to make these encounters dynamic and a celebration of local talent to attract people, especially youth. Make civic participation engaging." One local team invited local music and dance groups to perform at their town planning meetings. Members of the groups not only performed but ended up participating.

Let youth talk
In town meetings and local planning sessions, it is important to have a facilitator who is sensitive to the participation of young people. Often, young people are inhibited from speaking up because they are not used to speaking in public or because adult actors don't value their opinions. A meeting moderator needs to be atuned to this. If young people are present but not participating actively and communicating their ideas and demands, the facilitator needs to create additional spaces for young people to discuss and mature their ideas together and then present them to the town meetings. Give young people more assurance and security. Only through experience will they become more active participants.

  "I learned things that I think many adults don't even know how to do," Scarpelini said, noting that during the Gincana he learned how to write a project proposal, raise funds, manage money, and even speak before a city council meeting. "I went in thinking it was just a game and came out a real citizen."

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Books Informational books on health, peace and the environment produced by Aracati give youth access to information for developing their projects

Now 18, Scarpelini is considered one of Santos's premier youth leaders, and its initiatives have gone national and international. Joining with other youth leaders in the state of Sao Paulo, Scarpelini cofounded the citizen organization Kwarup–Youth Leadership.

It takes its name from an indigenous rite of passage meaning "new life." Kwarup helps promote youth involvement in local, national, and international decision-making processes on development issues. Kwarup is solicited by international bodies like the UN to select and organize delegations of youth activists to participate in their conferences.


Creating a Ripple Effect

"The Gincana taught us how to deal with problems and obstacles," said Darline Rocha, another Gincana participant. "It taught us how to go after our own dreams for ourselves and our community."

Darline's group "Attitude" designed and implemented an environmental clean-up project for the marshland where she and many of her poor classmates live in precarious stilt houses. Together, they hauled out 300 pounds of cans, bottles, and plastic bags that the residents had literally dumped in their own back yards.

As part of the learning process, it is important for young people and the community to see the positive results of these projects, Martinelli notes. But even more important than the number of cans recycled are the democratic values that young people absorb along the way.

"Simple things like prioritizing dialogue over violence, being proactive, respecting differences," she said. "This is what lasts and what can change a culture from one generation to the next."

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Learning dialogue and tolerance
Gincana participants learn democratic values like dialogue and tolerance

Aracati believes that empowering youth is just the starting point for making waves in a community. Other actors must be brought in to create a ripple effect. In Santos, Aracati worked with the schools' administrative and teaching staffs, and it involved key actors in the city government, the citizen sector, and the media.

One of these participants is Santos journalist Gustavo Klein. During a 50-week period, he published 52 articles in the Tribu, a youth-focused newspaper section of the city's most popular daily, that covered the youth groups participating in the Gincana. "The Gincana physically showed that youth can," he recalls. "You would go around the city and see banners outside the different schools saying 'I participate!'"

In the local government, Anamara Simões Martins, Santos's Secretary of Community Action, was Aracati's key partner for mobilizing the city. "I was behind the Gincana 100 percent," she said. "The Gincana sparked youth participation in the city, giving us the push needed to advance and integrate our programs that assist youth."

The city government's participation in the Gincana led directly to enactment of a law that established a pioneering initiative in Brazil: Municipal Youth Commissions. They comprise youth leaders and adults and today are consulted on all youth-related city policies.

Before the Gincana, Santos had plans to build its first youth center, but it didn't have a strategy for involving young people in the process, Martins said. Now, the Youth Commission is on the job.

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Gincana member speaks A young participant in Gincana speaks to city government and opinion makers at the inauguration of the Municipal Youth Commission of Santos

After two years the Gincana project ended. It had sparked 23 youth-led projects and mobilized the city to support youth participation. In recognition of these achievements, it won the Inter-American Development Bank's award for one of four best practices in youth volunteerism in all Latin America.

Aracati made it a priority to systematize these experiences and make them available to others. The steps, history, and tools used during the Gincana da Cidadania, plus a list of all participating youth groups and their projects, are available in Portuguese on the Web site: www.gincanadacidadania.org.br. Today, this site serves as the primary tool for responding to numerous requests from teachers, school principals, and government authorities from across Brazil on "how to" run a Gincana in their town.


From Beneficiaries to Instigators

Aracati has continued to test new ways of promoting youth participation since the Santos project ended. In 2003 it joined forces with Ashoka Innovators for the Public to design and implement a project that contributes to the development of young social entrepreneurs.

The project, Jovens em Ação, (literally "Youth in Action") takes young people who have been beneficiaries of four citizen organizations (headed by Ashoka Fellows) in four cities near São Paulo and makes them instigators of their own social change projects.

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Jovens em Ação member A Jovens em Acao participant works with her group to identify the objective of their project

By working with citizen organizations, Aracati is reaching youth outside school settings and is converting citizen sector organizations into incubators for youth-led social initiatives. "Jovens em Ação helps the organizations create new spaces for youth participation where they learn how to entrepreneur their own ideas," notes program coordinator Paulo Freitas.

At present, 51 young people in four groups are in the final stages of structuring and implementing their own solutions to problems in their communities, while interacting – via visits and an interactive Web site – with their counterparts in other cities. The 22-member group "Urban Scream" is linked to the Children At-Risk Foundation and is creating a monthly public-debate program that uses hip-hop, graffiti, and theater to promote communication about issues like police brutality, racial discrimination, and sexuality in the community. In another city, 11 youths are working with Ashoka Fellow Leila Novak's waste management project and have formed a group called "Youth Incentive" that is establishing the city's first youth center.

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Youth Incentive members Members of the "Youth Incentive" group pose at work. Their youth center is scheduled to open next month and will offer workshops in hip-hop and graffiti art for poor youth in the community.

Aracati: Agency for Social Mobilization was born of the marriage of two like-minded citizen organizations. Martinelli founded one of them at age 23 in order to get school students active in their communities. The other organization used communication as a tool for promoting social change. The two came together with the common goal of developing a culture of participation in Brazil.

Today, Aracati is led by three "under-30" directors who have a combined 30 years of social action under their belts. Besides leading direct projects like Gincana and Jovens em Ação, Aracati works indirectly with communities and youth across Brazil by helping other organizations do what it does best: promote social mobilization and ensure youth participation.

The fragmentation and discontinuity of Brazil's local social and economic policies contribute to its poverty and inequality, according to Aracati director Antonio Lino. "When a new mayor comes into power, a program's future is subject to party platforms and a series of favor exchanges," he explains.

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Antonio Lino Aracati director Antonio Lino shows community members how to develop social mobilization plan for their county

"You need to create a mass of people who are involved in local processes independent of political parties in order to give continuity to local development." Under Lino's direction, two local organizations in Brazil's Northeast became catalysts for mobilizing citizen organizations, local government authorities, and young citizens across nine counties to curb rural-urban migration by creating dignified employment opportunities for youth.


Fanning the Winds of Change

Looking to the future, Aracati's leaders hope to unite these and other youth-led initiatives into a larger movement. The Brazilian government is waking up to the fact that young people aged 15-24, representing one-fifth of Brazil's population, must be involved in the country's development.

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Young and old participate
Young and old, community members participate in processes of social mobilization in Brazil's northeast

The federal government is now launching the Youth Secretariat, Brazil's first federal department directed at coordinating youth-related policies. However, unlike Aracati, it does not yet have a clear strategy for preparing young people to take part.

The logic of social mobilization unites all of Aracati's efforts. It begins when people – young and old – are empowered to change their lives and their communities; it then increases the number of actors involved and merges these energies into a common vision of the future.

To get people moving requires a powerful force – just like the aracati wind that inspired the organization's name. It is the wind that blows through the drought-stricken Northeast of Brazil, passing through town after town and cutting the heat of the late afternoon.

As the breeze passes, people stop what they are doing and come out of their houses to take in the fresh air. It is a moment when neighbors meet – people, young and old, get together and interact. Aracati is a powerful breeze; its name means "good winds."

In another corner of Brazil, Aracati is doing just that: getting people up and out of their homes to participate in building a common future, one where young people are the drivers of social change.

Footnote:

  1. Ação Educativa, "Pesquisa sobre Controle Social de Politicas Publicas," 2003.
    [ back ]

  2. PNUD, Democracia nas Americas, April 2004.
    [ back ]

  3. IPEA – Institute of Applied Economic Studies (Brazil).
    [ back ]

  4. Jornal do Brasil, July 15, 2004.
    [ back ]

  5. Ação Educativa, "Social Control of Public policies," 2003.
    [ back ]

Contact:

Luciana Martinelli
Executive Director
Aracati
Rua Mourato Coelho, 460
Pinheiros
05417-001 São Paulo/SP
Brazil
Tel: (55) (11) 3031-1133
Fax: (55) (11) 3819-8593 Email: contato@aracati.org.br
Web site: www.aracati.org.br www.gincanadacidadania.org.br

Claire Fallender is an international development consultant who has been a member of Ashoka's team for six years. She is currently based in Rio de Janeiro and focuses on developing youth social entrepreneurship programs in Brazil.

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